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A Brief History of the Spreadsheet

We noted that Excel turned 40 this year. That makes it seem old, and today, if you say “spreadsheet,” there’s a good chance you are talking about an Excel spreadsheet, and if not, at least a program that can read and produce Excel-compatible sheets. But we remember a time when there was no Excel. But there were still spreadsheets. How far back do they go?

Definitions

Like many things, exactly what constitutes a spreadsheet can be a little fuzzy. However, in general, a spreadsheet looks like a grid and allows you to type numbers, text, and formulas into the cells. Formulas can refer to other cells in the grid. Nearly all spreadsheets are smart enough to sort formulas based on which ones depend on others.

For example, if you have cell A1 as Voltage, and B1 as Resistance, you might have two formulas: In A2 you write “=A1/B1” which gives current. In B2 you might have “=A1*A2” which gives power. A smart spreadsheet will realize that you can’t compute B2 before you compute A2. Not all spreadsheets have been that smart.

There are other nuances that many, but not all, spreadsheets share. Many let you name cells, so you can simply type =VOLTS*CURRENT. Nearly all will let you specify absolute or relative references, too. With a relative reference, you might compute cell D1=A1*B1. If you copy this to row two, it will wind up D2=A2*B2. However, if you mark some of the cells absolute, that won’t be true. For example, copying D1=A1*$B$1 to row two will result in D2=A2*$B$1.

Not all spreadsheets mark rows and columns the same way, but the letter/number format is nearly universal in modern programs. Many programs still support RC references, too, where R4C2 is row four, column two. In that nomenclature, R[-1]C[2] is a relative reference (one row back, two rows to the right). But the real idea is that you can refer to a cell, not exactly how you refer to it.

So, How Old Are They?

LANPAR was probably the first spreadsheet program, and it was available for the GE400. The name “LANPAR” was LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random, but was also a fusion of the authors’ names. Want to guess the year? 1969. Two Harvard graduates developed it to solve a problem for the Canadian phone company’s budget worksheets, which took six to twenty-four months to change in Fortran. The video below shows a bit of the history behind LANPAR.

youtube.com/embed/t1sdY6u8pTU?…

LANPAR might not be totally recognizable as a modern spreadsheet, but it did have cell references and proper order of calculations. In fact, they had a patent on the idea, although the patent was originally rejected, won on appeal, and later deemed unenforceable by the courts.

There were earlier, noninteractive, spreadsheet-like programs, too. Richard Mattessich wrote a 1961 paper describing FORTRAN IV methods to work with columns or rows of numbers. That generated a language called BCL (Business Computer Language). Others over the years included Autoplan, Autotab, and several other batch-oriented replacements for paper-based calculations.

Spreadsheets Get Personal

Back in the late 1970s, people like us speculated that “one day, every home would have a computer!” We just didn’t know what people would do with them outside of the business context where the computer lived at the time. We imagined people scaling up and down cooking recipes, for example. Exactly how do you make soup for nine people when the recipe is written for four? We also thought they might balance their checkbook or do math homework.

The truth is, two programs drove massive sales of small computers: WordStar, a word-processing program, and VisiCalc. Originally for the Apple ][, Visicalc by Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston put desktop computers on the map, especially for businesses. VisiCalc was also available on CP/M, Atari computers, and the Commodore PET.

You’d recognize VisiCalc as a spreadsheet, but it did have some limitations. For one, it did not follow the natural order of operations. Instead, it would start at the top, work down a column, and then go to the next column. It would then repeat the process until no further change occurred.

youtube.com/embed/EKtKVab8kH0?…

However, it did automatically recalculate when you made changes, had relative and absolute references, and was generally interactive. You could copy ranges, and the program doesn’t look too different from a modern spreadsheet.

Sincere Flattery

Of course, once you have VisiCalc, you are going to invite imitators. SuperCalc paired with WordStar became very popular among the CP/M crowd. Then came the first of the big shots: Lotus 1-2-3. In 1982, this was a must-have application for the new IBM PC.

youtube.com/embed/ooWJhdV7Ei8?…

There were other contenders, each with its own claims to fame. Innovative Software’s SMART suite, for example, was among the first spreadsheets that let you have formulas that crossed “tabs.” It could also recalculate repeatedly until meeting some criteria, for example, recalculate until cell X20 is less than zero.

Probably the first spreadsheet that could handle multiple sheets to form a “3D spreadsheet” was BoeingCalc. Yes, Boeing like the aircraft. They had a product that ran on PCs or IBM 4300 mainframes. It used virtual memory and could accommodate truly gigantic sheets for its day. It was also pricey, didn’t provide graphics out of the box, and was slow. The Infoworld’s standard spreadsheet took 42.9 seconds to recalculate, versus 7.9 for the leading competitor at the time. Quatro Pro from Borland was also capable of large spreadsheets and provided tabs. It was used more widely, too.

youtube.com/embed/EWzgo0H2Ff8?…

Then Came Microsoft

Of course, the real measure of success in software is when the lawsuits start. In 1987, Lotus sued two spreadsheet companies that made very similar products (TWIN and VP Planner). Not to be outdone, VisiCalc’s company (Software Arts) sued Lotus. Lotus won, but it was a pyrrhic victory as Microsoft took all the money off the table, anyway.

Before the lawsuits, in 1985, Microsoft rolled out Excel for the Mac. By 1987, they also ported it to the fledgling Windows operating system. Of course, Windows exploded — make your own joke — and by the time Lotus 1-2-3 could roll out Windows versions, they were too late. By 2013, Lotus 1-2-3, seemingly unstoppable a few years earlier, fell to the wayside.

There are dozens of other spreadsheet products that have come and gone, and a few that still survive, such as OpenOffice and its forks. Quattro Pro remains available (as part of WordPerfect). You can find plenty of spreadsheet action in any of the software or web-based “office suites.”

Today and the Future

While Excel is 40, it isn’t even close to the oldest of the spreadsheets. But it certainly has kept the throne as the most common spreadsheet program for a number of years.

Many of the “power uses” of spreadsheets, at least in engineering and science, have been replaced by things like Jupyter Notebooks that let you freely mix calculations with text and graphics along with code in languages like Python, for example.

If you want something more traditional that will still let you hack some code, try Grist. We have to confess that we’ve abused spreadsheets for DSP and computer simulation. What’s the worst thing you’ve done with a spreadsheet?

hackaday.com/2025/12/15/a-brie…

x.com/ArminNavabi/status/20005…

There is a border wall in the Middle East that looks like it was built to hold back a zombie apocalypse, but it was not built by Israel. It stands on the southern edge of the Gaza Strip, separating the "Palestinians" from their Arab neighbors in Egypt.

To the uninitiated, the sheer scale of these fortifications, with their massive concrete slabs, subterranean steel walls, and layers of razor wire, might seem excessive for a border shared between two Muslim populations. But this architecture reveals a truth that the global narrative tries to bury.
The Egyptian state has diagnosed the radical ideology festering within Gaza as a highly contagious pathogen. As an Iranian, I recognize this sickness immediately. I watched a strain of this extremism feverishly consume my own homeland, destroying it from the inside out. Egypt sees the same symptoms manifesting at their doorstep, and they have quietly implemented a hermetic seal to protect their own nation.

While the world condemns Israel for maintaining a security fence, they remain silent as Egypt fortifies its border against the exact same people. This double standard exposes a harsh reality. The fact that an Arab nation feels the need to build such extreme fortifications proves that the danger inside Gaza is not an Israeli fabrication. It is a reality so malignant that even their own Muslim neighbors have realized that opening that gate is not an act of mercy, but an act of suicide.

#Islam #Egypt #Gaza #Palestine #Israel #IslamIsWar #IslamIsTerror

x.com/ArminNavabi/status/20003…

To understand the horrific events at Bondi Beach, one must first discard the sentimental distinction between moderate and radical. Instead, view the ideology in question as a contagion.

The facts of the case provide a control group for this hypothesis. Families gathered for a children's Hanukkah festival on the iconic Australian sands. They were targeted by two gunmen intent on slaughtering Jews. This was a precise execution of theological hatred. Yet in the midst of the chaos, it was a Muslim shopkeeper named Ahmed Al Ahmed who charged into the line of fire. He is a father of two with no combat experience. He wrestled a shotgun from a terrorist and took two bullets to his own body to save strangers.

Western politicians and media outlets are currently struggling to reconcile these two data points. They see a Muslim terrorist and a Muslim hero, and they retreat into confusion. They refuse to name the ideology responsible for the massacre because the existence of a Muslim hero complicates their narrative.

This is a misdiagnosis.

Growing up in Iran, I was forced to memorize the source code that these terrorists executed. I know exactly what the manual says. I spent my youth being programmed with the same software that drove these gunmen to murder. This is why I can say with clinical certainty that the gunman was a host who succumbed completely to the viral load. The hero, Mr. Ahmed, was a host with a robust immune system. His humanity successfully rejected the Islamic infection.

There is no contradiction here. The terrorists represent Islam functioning exactly as designed. They followed the script. Mr. Ahmed represents the triumph of the human spirit over that script. He is a hero not because of his faith, but in spite of it. When faced with the ultimate choice between Islam and humanity, he allowed his conscience to override his programming.

We must stop pretending that the virus does not exist simply because some hosts are strong enough to resist its symptoms. We should celebrate Ahmed Al Ahmed as a man of supreme character precisely because he failed to follow Islam. He is proof that human empathy remains the only effective antibody against a mind virus that demands death.

If you understand this diagnosis, you possess a rare psychological antibody that is wasted in isolation.

#Islam #IslamIsWar #IslamIsJihad #Australia

Il DPO Sottovalutato: Una Minaccia Peggiore dell’Incompetenza IT, Ecco Perché

Quando il DPO si improvvisa IT e dintorni, è sicuramente un bel problema. Ma un problema ancora peggiore c’è nel momento in cui la figura professionale viene sottovalutata, con quel tremendo lastricato di eccheccivuole che è ancor peggiore di quello delle buone intenzioni che tradizionalmente conduce all’inferno. Nel caso dell’organizzazione, la confusione dei ruoli e delle funzioni è quella tempesta perfetta di una Direzione inerte (o ignorante) e di una serie di soggetti che mostrano una spiccata propensione all’esondazione.

Questo significa che il perimetro d’azione non è solo sfumato ma rischia di diventare terreno di continui conflitti, con una dialettica interna decisamente sub ottimale in cui lo svilimento delle competenze altrui solitamente si mescola con un continuo scarico di responsabilità. Ecco dunque che il DPO diventa un personaggio in cerca non solo d’autore ma di un ruolo vero e proprio, dal momento che manca una consapevolezza e un riconoscimento tanto in relazione alle competenze che all’apporto concreto nel miglioramento degli assetti dell’organizzazione.

Non è un caso raro che talvolta il ruolo del DPO venga sottovalutato sia per quanto riguarda l’aspetto delle competenze richieste che dell’apporto nei confronti dell’organizzazione (o, più precisamente, della data maturity). Con il naufragio di ogni buon proposito astratto di integrarlo all’interno dell’organizzazione, dal momento che manca non solo una comprensione del suo ruolo ma soprattutto anche il giusto riconoscimento.

Qualcuno potrà dirsi sorpreso, ma in fondo dal 2018 sono trascorsi soltanto 7 anni celebrativi del GDPR. Eufemisticamente parlando, ci sono ancora così tanti spunti di miglioramento senza contare le complicazioni che deriveranno dal Digital Omnibus.

L’importanza del riconoscimento.

Nell’attribuzione di ruoli e responsabilità, l’azione di riconoscimento da parte dell’organizzazione inizia con l’impegno della Direzione nel garantire la posizione e i presidi individuati dall’art. 38 GDPR. Motivo per cui una Direzione non consapevole è spesso la prima causa dell’inefficacia d’azione del DPO, con una designazione destinata a rimanere una mera formalità. A beneficio di chi accumula incarichi attendendosi un coinvolgimento minimo se non addirittura nullo, con buona pace di ogni garanzia per gli interessati in concreto.

Nel momento in cui l’azione del DPO è riconosciuta come apporto utile all’organizzazione, è possibile costruire sinergie e convergenze per il rafforzamento della data maturity. Evitando non solo una dispersione di risorse ma anche un impiego delle stesse divergente rispetto alla realizzazione di quegli obiettivi indicati dalla normativa in materia di protezione dei dati personali.

Certamente, questo richiede però un impegno anche da parte del DPO.

Il valore della proattività.

Sin dal momento in cui il DPO viene designato, è bene infatti che vada a chiarire (con la Direzione, ma anche con le ulteriori funzioni) il perimetro della propria operatività e, soprattutto, la propria capacità di intervento a vantaggio degli obiettivi dell’organizzazione. Per farlo, non sono sufficienti le sole hard skill ma è necessario che concorrano anche una serie di abilità trasversali, fra cui leadeship e comunicazione, fondamentali affinché l’apporto positivo possa trovare l’opportunità di realizzarsi. Altrimenti, anche il DPO più competente nella protezione dei dati personali, sarà percepito come un elemento non integrato o di disturbo.

Ovviamente la responsabilità per garantire la continuità d’azione è e rimane in capo all’organizzazione, la quale dovrà pertanto porre particolare attenzione a selezionare e verificare l’operato del DPO designato al fine di agevolarne la capacità di integrarsi.

Nel momento in cui invece si sceglie di avere solo un DPO sulla carta, di fatto si accetta il rischio non solo di vedersi contestata una violazione dell’art. 38 GDPR ma anche tutta la serie di violazioni che si sarebbero ben potute evitare attraverso il coinvolgimento adeguato e il corretto svolgimento di un’attività di sorveglianza.

L'articolo Il DPO Sottovalutato: Una Minaccia Peggiore dell’Incompetenza IT, Ecco Perché proviene da Red Hot Cyber.