Cheap And Aggressive DRAM Chip Tester

People enjoy retrocomputing for a wide variety of reasons – sometimes it’s about having a computer you could fully learn, or nostalgia for chips that played a part in your childhood. There’s definitely some credit to give for the fuzzy feeling you get booting up a computer you built out of chips. Old technology does deteriorate fast, however, and RAM chip failures are especially frustrating. What if you got a few hundred DRAM chips to go through? Here’s a DRAM chip tester by [Andreas]/[tops4u] – optimized for scanning speed, useful for computers like the ZX Spectrum or Oric, and built around an ATMega328P, which you surely still have in one of your drawers.

The tester is aimed at DIP16/18/20 and ZIP style DRAM chips – [Andreas] claims support for 4164, 41256, 6416, 6464, 514256, and 44100 series RAM chips. The tester is extremely easy to operate, cheap to build, ruthlessly optimized for testing speed, sports a low footprint, and is fully open-source. If you’re ever stuck with a heap of RAM chips you want to quickly test one by one, putting together one of these testers is definitely the path to take, instead of trying to boot up your well-aged machine with a bunch of chips that’d take a while to test or, at worst, could even fry it.

[Andreas] includes KiCad PCB and Arduino source files, all under GPL. They also provide adapter PCBs for chips like the 4116. What’s more, there are PCB files to build this tester in full DIP, in case that’s more your style! It’s far from the first chip tester in the scene, of course, there are quite a few to go around, including some seriously featureful units that even work in-circuit. Not only will they save you from chips that failed, but they’ll also alert you to fake chips that are oh so easy to accidentally buy online!

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Agenzie USA colpite da impiegati infedeli muniti di AI. 96 database governativi cancellati

Il Dipartimento di Giustizia degli Stati Uniti ha accusato i fratelli gemelli Muneeb e Sohaib Akhter di aver cancellato 96 database contenenti informazioni sensibili, tra cui verbali di indagini e documenti richiesti ai sensi del Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), dopo aver lasciato il loro lavoro presso un appaltatore del governo federale e di aver utilizzato strumenti basati sull’intelligenza artificiale per coprire le loro tracce .

Secondo gli inquirenti, gli Akhter avrebbero deliberatamente attaccato l’infrastruttura IT del loro ex datore di lavoro, che forniva servizi a diverse agenzie governative statunitensi. I fratelli avrebbero continuato ad accedere ai sistemi anche dopo aver lasciato il lavoro , bloccato l’accesso ad altri utenti, distrutto dati e tentato di coprire le proprie tracce. L’atto d’accusa è stato emesso il 13 novembre.

L’episodio più grave, secondo i pubblici ministeri, si è verificato il 18 febbraio.

Quel giorno, avrebbero cancellato circa 96 database, inclusi file FOIA e materiali relativi a indagini sensibili. Appena un minuto dopo aver cancellato uno dei database, appartenente al Dipartimento per la Sicurezza Interna (DHS), secondo gli investigatori, avrebbe avuto accesso a uno strumento basato sull’intelligenza artificiale chiedendo come cancellare i log di sistema. Gli investigatori ritengono che questo sia un chiaro segno di un tentativo di occultamento delle prove.

Nella corrispondenza inclusa nel fascicolo, i fratelli hanno anche discusso di come “ripulire” la loro casa in caso di una visita delle forze dell’ordine. I computer portatili aziendali, che erano ancora in loro possesso dopo il licenziamento, sono stati completamente cancellati prima di essere restituiti al datore di lavoro.

Un’altra accusa contro i Muneeb è quella di aver avuto accesso illegalmente ai dati dell’Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Secondo il Dipartimento di Giustizia, avrebbero avuto accesso ai registri fiscali federali di almeno 450 persone. Sohaib, a sua volta, è accusato di aver condiviso una password per un sistema governativo, il che costituisce di per sé un reato federale.

Sono quindi accusati di cospirazione per commettere frode informatica, distruzione di documenti, furto di dati governativi e furto d’identità aggravato. Complessivamente, rischiano fino a 45 anni di carcere. Sohaib è accusato di cospirazione, distruzione di documenti e trasmissione di una password che potrebbe essere utilizzata per hackerare un computer governativo; le sue accuse prevedono una pena massima fino a sei anni.

Il Ministero della Giustizia ha dichiarato che i fratelli hanno abusato della loro fiducia trovandosi dalla parte sbagliata della barricata, da appaltatori incaricati della gestione di dati governativi sensibili a persone accusate di aver minato processi governativi critici. Tuttavia, gli Akhter rimangono tecnicamente innocenti fino a prova contraria in tribunale.

L'articolo Agenzie USA colpite da impiegati infedeli muniti di AI. 96 database governativi cancellati proviene da Red Hot Cyber.

Belting out the Audio

Today, it is hard to imagine a world without recorded audio, and for the most part that started with Edison’s invention of the phonograph. However, for most of its history, the phonograph was a one-way medium. Although early phonographs could record with a separate needle cutting into foil or wax, most record players play only records made somewhere else. The problem is, this cuts down on what you can do with them. When offices were full of typists and secretaries, there was the constant problem of telling the typist what to type. Whole industries developed around that problem, including the Dictaphone company.

The issue is that most people can talk faster than others can write or type. As a result, taking dictation is frustrating as you have to stop, slow down, repeat yourself, or clarify dubious words. Shorthand was one way to equip a secretary to write as fast as the boss can talk. Steno machines were another way. But the dream was always a way to just speak naturally, at your convenience, and somehow have it show up on a typewritten page. That’s where the Dictaphone company started.

History of the Dictaphone

Unsurprisingly, Dictaphone’s founder was the famous Alexander Graham Bell. Although Edison invented the phonograph, Bell made many early improvements to the machine, including the use of wax instead of foil as a recording medium. He actually started the Volta Graphophone Company, which merged with the American Graphophone Company that would eventually become Columbia Records.

In 1907, the Columbia Phonograph Company trademarked the term Dictaphone. While drum-based machines were out of style in other realms, having been replaced by platters, the company wanted to sell drum-based machines that let executives record audio that would be played back by typists. By 1923, the company spun off on its own.

Edison, of course, also created dictation machines. There were many other companies that made some kind of dictation machine, but Dictaphone became the standard term for any such device, sort of like Xerox became a familiar term for any copier.

Dictaphones were an everyday item in early twentieth-century offices for dictation, phone recording, and other audio applications. Not to mention a few other novel uses. In 1932, a vigilante organization used a Dictaphone to bug a lawyer’s office suspected of being part of a kidnapping.

Some machines could record and playback. Others, usually reserved for typists, were playback-only. In addition, some machines could “shave” wax cylinders to erase a cylinder for future use. Of course, eventually you’d shave it down to the core, and then it was done.

The Computer History Archives has some period commercials and films from Dictaphone, and you can see them in the videos below.

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As mentioned, Dictaphone wasn’t the only game in town. Edison was an obvious early competitor. We were amused that the Edison devices had a switch that allowed them to operate on AC or DC current.

Later, other companies like IBM would join in. Some, like the Gray Audograph and the SoundScriber used record-like disks instead of belts or drums. Of course, eventually, magnetic tape cassettes were feasible, too, and many people made recorders that could be used for dictation and many other recording duties.

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The Dictabelt

For the first half of the twentieth century, Dictaphones used wax cylinders. However, in 1947, they began making machines that pressed a groove into a Lexan belt — a “Dictabelt,” at first called a “Memobelt.” These were semi-permanent and, since you couldn’t easily melt over some of the wax, difficult to tamper with, which helped make them admissible in court. Apparently, you could play a Dictabelt back about 20 times before it would be too beat up to play.

These belts found many uses. For one, Dictaphone was a major provider to police departments and other similar services, recording radio traffic and telephone calls. In the late 1970s, the House Select Committee on Assassinations used Dictaphone belts from the Dallas police department recording in 1963 to do audio analysis on the Kennedy assassination. Many Dictaphones found homes in courtrooms, too.

As you can see in the commercials in the video, Dictabelts would fit in an envelope: they are about 3.5 in x 12 in or 89 mm x 300 mm. The “portable” machine promised to let you dictate from anywhere, keep meeting minutes, and more. A single belt held 15 minutes of audio, and the color gives you an idea of when the belt was made.

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Magnetic Personality

Of course, Dictaphone wasn’t the only game in town for machines like this. IBM released one that used a magnetic belt called a “Magnabelt’ that you could edit. Dictaphone followed suit. These, of course, were erasable.

Even as late as 1977, you could find Dictaphones in “word processing operations” like the one in the video with the catchy tune, below. Of course, computers butted into both word processing and dictation with products like Via Voice or DragonDictate. Oddly, DragonDictate is from Nuance, which bought what was left of Dictaphone.

Insides

Since this is Hackaday, of course, you want to see the insides of some of these machines. A video from [databits] gives us a peek below.

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Offices have certainly changed. Most people do their own typing now. Your phone can record many hours of crystal-clear audio. Computers can even take your dictation now, if you insist.

Should you ever find a Dictabelt and want to digitize it for posterity, you might find the video below from [archeophone] useful. They make a modern playback unit for old cylinders and belts.

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We’d love to see a homebrew Dictabelt recorder player using more modern tech. If you make one, be sure to let us know. People recorded on the darndest things. Tape caught on primarily because of World War II Germany and Bing Crosby.

hackaday.com/2025/12/08/beltin…

В Японии ожидают цунами высотой около 3 метров после мощного землетрясения

жителей прибрежной зоны призывают немедленно эвакуироваться, сообщили сейсмологи.

Зеленський і Стармер перейшли до двосторонніх переговорів, тоді як Макрон і Мерц залишили зустріч.

Вони відмовилися відповідати на будь-які запитання журналістів.

Це можуть бути вирішальні дні для всіх нас щодо України. У нас багато карт у руках, – Мерц і Макрон

▪️Кір Стармер заявив, що сьогодні лідери мають ухвалити "важливі рішення".

▪️Фрідріх Мерц заявив, що він скептично ставиться до деяких деталей у документах, що надходять із США, але тому вони зібрались сьогодні і будуть працювати.

Зеленський прибув на Даунінг-стріт до резиденції прем'єра Великої Британії Стармера.

Раніше туди також прибули канцлер Німеччини Мерц і президент Франції Макрон.

СМИ назвали Путина и Трампа «достойными друг друга дураками»

Комментатор по международным вопросам в The Guardian и корреспондент Белого дома Саймон Тисдолл написал для газеты колонку, в которой назвал Владимира Путина и президента США Дональда Трампа «достойными друг друга дураками».

Как пишет Тисдолл, Путин, начав войну в Украине, встал на путь «систематического разрушения» России, а Дональд Трамп по личным и непонятным другим причинам «предложил ему спасательный круг».

У Росії "самоліквідувалися" льотчик і штурман

Російський авіаблог повідомив про загибель екіпажу бомбардувальника під час інциденту з катапультуванням у військовій частині. Причини події не розголошуються.

На кордоні Таїланду і Камбоджі поновились бойові дії із застосуванням важкого озброєння

Таїланд звинуватив Камбоджу в обстрілах прикордонної провінції Бурірам із РСЗВ та посиленні військ біля кордону.